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U.S. and China Trade Dispute Heats Up on Both Sides of the Pacific; Transcontinental Railroad Turns 150 Years Old; Study Suggests Wasps Are Capable of Transitive Inference

CARL AZUZ, CNN 10 ANCHOR: We kick off a new week of news coverage on CNN 10. A standoff between the U.S. and China is making headlines on both
 

kick off 开始

standoff [ˋstænd͵ɔf] n. 【美】僵持；均衡

sides of the Pacific. That`s the first subject we`re explaining today, I`m Carl Azuz. It`s good to have you watching. Tariffs, additional taxes, are kicking in on many of the goods
 

kick in 开始运转; 开始生效

that the United States imports from China. The two countries have been holding meetings and negotiations for months

but after they failed to reach a trade deal last week, the new U.S. tariffs took effect. And the U.S. government expects China will retaliate with
 

retaliate [rɪˋtælɪ͵et] v. 报复；回敬[（+against/on/upon）]

tariffs of its own as China has said it would.

Why is this happening? There`s a trade deficit between America and China. The U.S. imports more goods from China than it exports to China and that`s

something that U.S. President Donald Trump has called unacceptable. He also says China hasn`t been fair in its trade practices. After the two

countries issued back and forth tariffs on each others goods last year, they held a series of talks to try to reach a solution. But when a deal

wasn`t reached last Friday, the U.S. government raised its tariff rate from 10 percent to 25 percent on about $200 billion worth of Chinese goods. Why

did the talks break down? The U.S. government says China went back on promises it made earlier in the negotiations.
 

go back 后退；返回

China says it hopes the U.S. will meet it halfway and resolve their differences through cooperation. What happens next? Well in addition to

meet someone halfway 与某人妥协

the question about how and when China will respond is the question about how much the new tariffs will effect the world`s two biggest economies.

President Trump`s top economic advisor says U.S. economic growth would see an impact but that it would be very small and that the improved trade deal

that`s possible would make the consequences worthwhile. Still, the government does expect that both countries would feel a pinch.
 

pinch [pɪntʃ] n. 夹痛，挤痛

(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)

TOM FOREMAN, CNN JOURNALIST: Despite friendly handshakes between Team Trump and the Chinese delegates, trade talks have stalled. No deal on the horizon - -
 

stall [stɔl] v. 陷入泥潭

PRESIDENT DONALD TRUMP: Hello everybody.

FOREMAN: - - and no sign of President Trump giving an inch on the 25 percent tariff he`s launched on Chinese goods.
 

give an inch 退让

TRUMP: I happen to think the tariffs for our country are very powerful. You know, we`re the piggy bank that everybody steals from including China.
 

piggy bank（猪形）扑满；存放钱的小对象

FOREMAN: But American consumers could soon feel a greater impact if the tariffs expand to consumer products is threatened. China would be expected

to pass on those expenses jacking up prices on Smartphones, computers, televisions, fitness trackers and much more. The extra cost for the
 

jack up 提高

fitness tracker 健身手环

average American family of four is expected to be close to $800. What could drive it? Three quarters of the toys bought in the U.S. are made in

China, including these hugely popular dolls. Ninety-three percent of Chinese made footwear including some shoes for Nike could be hit, so could

clothing, Bluetooth headsets and even drones.

Trump`s tariffs on China last year steered away from consumer goods and focused on industrial items such as solar panels, steel and aluminum.
 

steer away from 避开

Those costs were passed on by American companies.
 

pass on 转嫁

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: American consumers are already paying. They - - they just don`t really know it`s kind of a stealth tax. But it`s going to
 

stealth tax 隐形税（一种以不太明显的方式收取的新税，人们可能都意识不到他们支付了这种税）

become a very obvious tax not to - - not to far from now if this - - if this continues.

FOREMAN: The major markets are already showing unease over the clash. In the next three years of China and the U.S. continue warring over trade,

economists say both countries could see their economies slow down, and close to a million American jobs might be lost. Still the president has

long insisted China is cheating the U.S. by stealing intellectual property, manipulating currency and most recently reneging on a framework for a deal.
 

renege [rɪˋnig] v. 食言；背信；违约

And he`s convinced China will blink first, tweeting, tariffs will make our country much stronger, not weaker. Just sit back and watch. The treasury
 

blink [blɪŋk] v.  惊愕地看; to look in astonishment or disbelief, typically with the eyes blinking

secretary has called the talks constructive but that doesn`t tell us much about how long the impasse might last or how far the impact may reach. Tom
 

impasse [ˋɪmpæs] n. 死路；僵局

Foreman, CNN, Washington.

(END VIDEO CLIP)

AZUZ: 10 Second Trivia. Which of these U.S. landmarks was completed or installed in 1869? The Statue of Liberty, Mt. Rushmore, Transcontinental Railroad,

or Washington Monument. It was in May of 1869, 150 years ago, that the Transcontinental Railroad was completed.

The place where that happened is Promontory Summit. It`s part of present day Utah. The Transcontinental Railroad joined the Central Pacific and

Union Pacific Railroads but this wasn`t just an event that fitted two different rail lines together. It was a turning point in American history.

Before 1869 the railroads the crisscrossed the American east went only about as far as St. Louis, Missouri. If you wanted to go west from there
 

crisscross [ˋkrɪs͵krɔs] v. 交叉往来

or really anywhere from the Mississippi River, you had to travel by wagon. That was more dangerous and the trip took three to six months. With the

Transcontinental Railroad in place, travelers could get from New York to California in one week. So even in 1869, people knew the railroad`s

completion was significant.

The hard labor was carried out by veterans of the U.S. Civil War, former slaves who`d been freed during that war. Irish immigrants who`d fled the
 

hard labor 苦工

potato famine and thousands of workers from China who`d blasted, axed, and hammered the tunnels through the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The railroads
 

ax [æks] v. 用斧劈；用斧修整

completion through gasoline on the fire of America`s westward expansion.

(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: So from sea to shining sea, train depots, train museums and trains themselves marking the 150th anniversary. I am on the Grand Canyon Railway, you can see how beautiful it is.
 

depot [ˋdipo] n.【美】火车站；公车站；仓库，储藏处

It connects Williams, Arizona with Grand Canyon National Park. Many people are enjoying the

scenery and time talking to other folks including Pam (ph) here. This is her birthday month. Describe what this has been like for you.

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: This is such a treat. It`s beautiful. The scenery is beautiful. It`s relaxing. I love it.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE : And if you go a little further down the road here, thank you so much and happy birthday Pam (ph), you can see Ramblin` Rose

(ph) and what have you been doing today?

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: This is what I`ve been doing all day.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: You have a song for us?

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: "I`ve been workin` on the railroad. All the live long day. I`ve been working on the railroad just to pass the time away."

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Thank you so much Rambin` Rose (ph) from Tennessee. Found herself on a train here in Arizona and this is all part of the

history and if you think about this event, it was the railroad that opened up the western United States. The country has not been connected before.

For the passengers on the Grand Central Railway, the trip stopped right here, the Grand Canyon, El Tovar overlook a magnificent vista. Look below.

There`s where the Colorado River carved out its path century, after century, after century. For the riders on the train, it was all a

commemoration of that 150th Anniversary of the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad and they got a little memento here. Look at
 

memento [mɪˋmɛnto] n. 纪念物；引起回忆的东西

this. It`s their own version of the golden spike. Reporting from the Grand Canyon, I`m Paul Vercammen. Now back to you.
 

spike [spaɪk] n. 大钉；道钉

(END VIDEO CLIP)

AZUZ: A new study is shedding new light on wasps and generating some scientific buzz. Researchers say a certain type of wasp may use transitive inference.
 

wasp [wɑsp] n. 黄蜂，蚂蜂

buzz [bʌz] n. 流言，谣言；话题

transitive inference 递移推理

This allows people and animals to learn that if A is greater than B and B is greater than C, than A is greater than C. Simple for us

but what about insects. Scientists took paper wasps which are found on almost every continent and put them in a rectangular chamber with two

colors in it. Some of the colors were more likely to be charged with a mild electric shock and researchers say the wasps learned which colors were

safer.

For example, if blue rarely shocked them. Green sometimes shocked them and purple often shocked them. The wasps could demonstrate most of the time

that choosing blue and green were safer than choosing purple even when only two of these colors were presented at once. What`s interesting here is

that honeybees which have the same sized brains as paper wasps, failed this test so one takeaway was that the wasp`s behavior maybe more socially
 

takeaway [ˋtekə͵we] n. 重点; the lesson or principle that one learns from a story or event

complex than that of the bees. This was the first study that showed an invertebrate may use transitive inference.
 

invertebrate [ɪnˋvɝtəbrɪt] n. 无脊椎动物

Hard to say if robots will one day win a battle of the bands. In this trio at China`s Tsing Hua University, the drummer has four arms so that`s an

advantage but while the flutists doesn`t need to breathe, it`s also unable to feel the music. Becoming attuned to the nuances of the notes like
 

attuned [əˋtjund] adj. 音感好的；耳感灵敏的

nuance [njuˋɑns] n.（色调，音调，意义，见解等的）细微差别；细微的差异

humans can. The performance was arranged by teachers, graduates and students and timed to coincide with the university`s 108th anniversary. So

while some human musicians might see this as a "trebeling" sign, and seem a little "downbeat" at the thought of robots becoming "majorly instrumental".

Striking a "chord" with concert audiences, people "oct" to have nothing to fear. There`s "pia" no way very "harmany" machines have the same

"ensembilities" as humans. They`re more virtual than "virtuoso". Creativity isn`t their "forte". Critics would say they`re too robotic and

may even sound "sympony". I`m Carl Azuz for CNN.

END