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Officials Scramble for Pollution Solutions in New Delhi; Century-Old Shipwreck Approaches Niagara Falls; App Aims to Change Public Transportation

CARL AZUZ, CNN 10 ANCHOR: Hi, I`m Carl Azuz and this is CNN 10. Where ever you`re watching around the world, we thank you for taking 10 minutes

for our show. This Tuesday we`re starting in southern Asia. Of the 30 most polluted urban areas on the planet, 22 of them are in India the

world`s second most populated country. In fact, the nation`s capital New Delhi is ranked as the world`s most polluted city and right now the smog is
 

smog [smɑg] n. 烟雾（= smoke and fog）

at its worst. Record levels of pollution are expected for at least the next week. Government officials have declared a public health emergency

and they`ve taken steps to try to get a handle on the pollution. They`re stopping work at construction sites, which sends dust into the air.

They`re limiting the number of cars that are allowed on the road, encouraging people to carpool and reducing traffic by 4 million vehicles each day.
 

carpool [ˈkɑrpul] v. 共乘汽车

But experts say, this isn`t likely to have a major effect on the smog because a lot of it comes from outside New Delhi. Around the time of year

when temperatures drop, India`s farmers light fires to get rid of leftover crops and eliminate stubble on the ground. That produces a lot of the
 

stubble [ˋstʌb!] n.（作物收割后余留的）残株；残梗状的东西

pollution that settles over New Delhi. The government has tried to address that problem in the past. One way was by providing farmers with discounted

equipment that could keep them from having to burn the unwanted leftovers but nothing has really worked and it may take a change in the weather for

the problem to improve. That`s especially concerning to residents of New Delhi because researchers have compared living in a place with heavily

polluted air to smoking a pack of cigarettes everyday.
 

compare … to 比作[（+to/with）]

(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)

IVAN WATSON, SENIOR INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENT: The air in the Indian capital is toxic. The air pollution so bad that authorities have declared

a public health emergency cancelling school, diverting flights and urging residents to stay indoors. The cities chief minister taking to social
 

divert [daɪˋvɝt] v. 使转向；使改道

media to sound the alarm.

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE TRANSLATED: We do not to blame anyone. This is an issue about health. An issue of breathing in air. The health of our

children, our families, the people of Delhi, that`s what`s at stake here.

WATSON: Bad smog is an annual problem in New Delhi but this year the pollution has hit record levels. Thermal satellite imagery from NASA

reveals one contributing factor to the smog. Thousands of suspected fires burning upwind from the Indian capital in the neighboring state of Punjab.
 

upwind [ˋʌpˋwɪnd]adv. 迎风地；逆风地

Farmer in India typically burn their fields this time of year after the harvest. Weather patterns then trap that smoke up against the Himalayas

around northern cities like New Delhi but experts say the capital city also creates much of its own pollution.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: There are four types of sources. You`ve got industries and power plants. You have transport emissions, particularly trucks but

also private vehicles. You have based burning of various kinds and you have road dust and construction dust. All of them are major contributors

of air pollution today (ph) and those are the sources that we need to be targeting better within the city.

WATSON: The government imposed an odd, even policy aimed at reducing cars on the road. It`s also issued millions of masks to children but doctors

say they`ve seen a surge of patients suffering respiratory problems. On Sunday, demonstrators protested against the pollution.

UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: We`re concerned about our futures and about our health but we are also fighting this on behalf of children and the elderly

who are- - who bear the biggest brunt of the (inaudible).
 

brunt [brʌnt] n. 冲击，撞击

WATSON: New Delhi is one of the most polluted cities in the world and forecasters say there are no signs the air will improve anytime soon. Ivan

Watson, CNN.

(END VIDEO CLIP)

AZUZ: 10 Second Trivia. Where would you find about 20 percent of the world`s surface freshwater? Great Lakes, Greenland Ice Sheet, Caspian Sea, or Lake Victoria.
 

Caspian [ˋkæspɪən] Sea 里海（位于前苏联与伊朗之间的内海）

Together it`s the Great Lakes that contain about 20 percent of the world`s fresh water.

A lot of that water flows over Niagara Falls and back in 1918 a boat known as the Iron scow almost flowed with it. During a dredging operation, the
 

scow [skaʊ] n.【主美】敞舱平底驳船

dredging [ˋdrɛdʒɪŋ] n. 挖泥；挖出之物

vessel became detached from its tugboat and started drifting toward the falls. Two men were aboard and they intentionally opened up compartments
 

tugboat [ˋtʌg͵bot] n. 拖船

compartment [kəmˋpɑrtmənt] n. 分隔间; 隔层

at the bottom of the boat to flood it and slow it down. The scow grounded on some rocks in shallow rapids. The men were eventually rescued the next

morning and because it was too dangerous to try to remove the scow itself, it`s been rusting there less than 2,000 feet from Horseshoe Falls ever

since. But last Thursday there was a storm, high winds and heavy rains dislodged the boat and moved it 150 feet closer to the Canadian side of the
 

dislodge [dɪsˋlɑdʒ] v. 用力（或设法）移动

falls. It was the first time it had noticeably moved in 101 years and the Niagara Parks Commission says it`s anyone`s guess whether the Iron scow
 

anyone`s guess 谁也说不准，任何人都不确定; very difficult or impossible to determine

will remain there for days or for years.

Back on land, we`re taking a look at how an application is helping people get from A to B in South Africa. GoMetro was started in 2012. It`s

original goal was to help people keep track of trains. What their schedules are, what their fares are, when there were problems with them or

service stops. It`s expanded to recommend more efficient routes for minibus taxis. People rely on them for most of the transportation to work

and school across South Africa but one obvious drawback to more efficiency is that minibuses wouldn`t go to as many different places as people may

want them too. Riders who might need door to door service for instance, could have trouble getting to a designated stop. But the company is one

example of how virtual information is changing physical transportation.

(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Some public transport is formal like a bus that follows a schedule and arrives at each stop on time. Others are informal where the

route always changes and you can get on and off whenever you want to, like South Africa`s minibus taxis which account for nearly 70 percent of all

public transport trips in the country in 2013.

JUSTIN COETZEE, GOMETRO CEO: In the informal sector, there is no requirement for adherence to safety (ph), labor and other legislative norm.

adherence [ədˋhɪrəns]n. 遵守; 遵循

In fact, these are normally the ones that the industry sacrifices in order to be sustainable.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: That`s Justin Coetzee who`s start up GoMetro is using big data to help authorities begin to regulate informal public transport in

South Africa.

COETZEE: There`s an enormous amount of inefficiencies as to how these routes have sprung up and how they`ve been - - been created over time.

And so our data is able to consolidate them into a much more rational plan and for the entire city (ph) to work with. So this - - this Map Book is an
 

consolidate [kənˋsɑlə͵det] v. 合并，联合，统一；巩固，加强

example of work we`ve just finished for the city of Cape Town where we rode every single taxi route in the city.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: GoMetro begins by tracking things like route distance, number of stops and when passengers get on and off. Then the company

collects all that data into a model of the network. They then suggest changes to make and optimize the network more efficiently. Finally the

company deploys monitoring devices to make sure the network operators stick to the new plan.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: We`re standing here at the Caravelle (inaudible) Taxi association queue or CALTA. So it`s up to every
 

queue [kju] n.（人或车辆等的）行列，长队

passenger to decide where he wants to stop, very inefficient because travel will stop and start all the time.

COETZEE: What we found was that we`re - -we`re doing about 3,000 riders in the morning. Some of the operations are extending a little bit further

than necessary for maybe one or two pickups. So when we formalize we`re going to stop a lot of the special deliveries and the special door to door.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: 100 percent.

COETZEE: Because that`s - - that`s wasting fuel - -

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: big mileage (inaudible).
 

mileage [ˋmaɪlɪdʒ] n.（平均每单位燃料的）行驶哩数

COETZEE: Big mileage. Networks that we analyze, we think we can generally find between 15 (ph) and 50 percent efficiencies, either by introducing bigger vehicles, or by

changing the routes, changing the schedules.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Transit systems across the world are looking to use big data to improve their services and GoMetro now maps in Argentina, Kenya,

Mexico, the USA and India to name but a few. Helping less formal networks take steps towards official recognition.

(END VIDEO CLIP)

AZUZ: While bow hunting from his kayak in Michigan`s Grand River, an outdoor sportsman recently came across an old Coke bottle and thought it

was litter. On closer inspection though he found a message in the bottle dated April 4th, 1976. It had a name and an address on it and more than 43

years after Troy Breeman (ph) tossed it into the water, he got his response on Facebook. The sender and the finder of the message found they have a

lot in common.

Of course after so many years have "floated" by, the nostalgia might have left the sender a little "glassy eyed" but it shows how time is a bridge

between past and present and a "River Runs Through It". So next time you`re out and "aboat" and you get a message who`s text is in pencil from

days of yore, don`t keep it all "bottled up". It could end your day on an "up note". We hope today`s show did. I`m Carl Azuz for CNN.

END