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Bauhaus for Beginners 包浩斯：实用设计，生活美学

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In the history of architecture and design, perhaps no institute of higher learning has achieved a blend of form and function quite like Bauhaus. Founded in Weimar, Germany by Walter Gropius, the school was only around for 14 years, but its influence is still widely felt to this day.

在建筑和设计的历史上，也许没有一家高等知识的学院像包浩斯一样成功结合了形式和功能。包浩斯学院是由华特．葛罗皮尔斯成立于德国的威玛。纵使此学院仅成立了14年，但其影响直到今日仍然普遍感受得到。

The word “Bauhaus” is German for “house of building,” and this school of design molded the minds of a new breed of architects and furniture designers from 1919 to 1933. While most other schools focused on following what had already been done, Bauhaus took a decidedly modern approach, and sought to fuse fine art with the more practical aspects of design in a basic, functional manner.

「包浩斯」一字在德文里是建造房子之意，这所设计学院塑造了1919至1933 年间新类型建筑师和家具设计师的思维方式。当大部分的学校将焦点放在跟随着前人所走过的脚步，包浩斯学院断然地采取现代方法，并寻求以一种基本、功能性的方式，融合纯艺术与设计上较实际面向。

The school existed in three different cities in Germany, and was guided by three different directors: Gropius, followed by Hannes Meyer, and finally Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Despite changing locations and directors several times, Bauhaus built up an international reputation as one of the finest design schools in the world. As its peak, the school received 200 visitors per day, with everyone from bankers to industrialists to craftsmen stopping by to marvel at the school’s new works.

学院的校区曾位在德国三个不同城市，由三位不同的总监所指导：葛罗皮尔斯，随后是汉纳斯．迈耶，最终则是路德维希．密斯．凡德罗。尽管经过几次地点和总监的改变，包浩斯仍树立世上最优秀的设计学校之一的国际声誉。在其高峰时期，包浩斯学院每日会有200名访客去拜访，这些驻足停留访客包括了银行家、实业家及工匠，他们皆惊叹于学院出产的新作品。

Bauhaus’s main objective was to bring together artistic merit and technology – a staple philosophy that was taught to new students in the school’s preliminary “Basic Design” course. What’s more, no history classes were offered by the school, as everything created there was supposed to stem from those ideas taught in the first course, and not rely on the achievements or ideas of past designers.

包浩斯的初步「基本设计」课程教授新学生的主要理念是结合艺术价值和科技为其主要目标。其次，包浩斯学院没有提供历史类的课程，因为包浩斯学院所有作品的发想应该源于所教授的基本课程中，而不是依赖过去的成就或以前设计师的想法。

Vocabulary

单词发音

mold [mold]  v. 塑造

fuse [fjuz] v. 熔合

industrialist [ɪnˋdʌstriəlɪst] n. 企业家；工业家；实业家

craftsman [ˋkræftsmən] n. 巧匠；工艺师

merit [ˋmɛrɪt] n.长处，优点

preliminary [prɪˋlɪmə͵nɛrɪ] adj. 预备的；初步的

Idiom

片语发音

be around 在某一领域或行业中活跃而突出  being in existence

stop by 顺便拜访﹐顺路探望  to visit a place briefly

marvel at 对…惊叹不已,惊叹…   to express wonder or surprise at someone or something

stem from 起源于; 由...造成  to result from something

rely on 依靠, 信赖  to depend on someone or something

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Several Bauhaus contributions have remained with us in the decades since its closure, but perhaps none have become more widespread than the Cantilever chair, designed by alumnus Marcel Breuer. This chair, with no back legs for support, relies solely on the materials from which it is made to remain upright, and is found in schools, offices, and homes to this day. Breuer also came up with the design of the Wassily chair, which incorporated taut strips of fabric for the seat and backrest, and is still widely used today.

数个包浩斯学院的贡献从闭校以来的几十年仍与我们同在；但或许没有其他的设计比悬臂椅更加普遍，悬臂椅的设计者为包浩斯学院的校友马塞尔，布罗伊尔。这把椅子没有后支柱，完全依靠椅子本身的材质让椅子保持直立的状态。直至今日，这类的椅子在学校、办公室及家中都可见其踪影。布罗伊尔也想出了瓦西里椅的设计，其底座和靠背的部分使用的是绷紧条状的织物，此种设计直到今天仍被广泛使用。

Like all Bauhaus designs, these two chairs sprang from the simple idea that art should not be taught on its own as an academic subject. Instead, Gropius believed that architecture, sculpture, and painting were all one and the same. Such modernist ideas attracted a wide range of avant-garde masters to Bauhaus – those who wanted to cast off the conservative shackles of their previous institutions, and grow creatively.

如同所有的包浩斯设计一样，这两把椅子的设计理念源自于艺术不应该只当成一门学术科目教授的简单想法。葛罗皮尔斯则认为建筑、雕塑、绘画都是师出同源的学科。这种现代主义的想法吸引了那些想要摆脱先前保守机构的束缚，追求创造性地成长的前卫派大师前去包浩斯。

Under Gropius and Meyer, Bauhaus was both a school and a workshop, but later, when Mies took over, the workshop was done away with, and the school began to focus mostly on architecture. His strong personality dominated the students, and it was said that everything they produced during his era looked as though it could have been designed by Mies himself.

在葛罗皮尔斯和迈耶的指导下，包浩斯既是一所学校也是一间工作坊，可是当密斯接手学校的经营后，工作坊被废除且学校开始将大部份重点放在建筑上。密斯鲜明的个性主导学生的设计，有人说包浩斯在密斯指导学院的时期所创出的作品，看起来像是由密斯自己设计的作品。

Sadly, Bauhaus would fall victim to the Nazi regime, and was shut down in 1933. However, the designs that came out of this short-lived but influential school could not be expunged.

令人悲伤的是，包浩斯学院成为纳粹政权下的牺牲者，并于1933年关闭。然而，出自于短暂存在但影响深远的包浩斯学院设计是无法抹灭的。

－by Joe Henley

Vocabulary

单词发音

closure [ˋkloʒɚ] n. 关闭; 终止

alumnus [əˋlʌmnəs] n. 男校友；男女合校之男女校友

upright [ˋʌp͵raɪt] adj. 直立的，笔直的

taut [tɔt] adj. 拉紧的，绷紧的

backrest [ˋbæk͵rɛst] n. 靠背

modernist [ˋmɑdɚnɪst] n. 现代主义者；现代派

avant-garde [ɑvɑŋˋgɑrd] adj. 前卫的

shackle [ˋʃæk!] n. 枷锁，桎梏，束缚

dominate [ˋdɑmə͵net] v. 支配，统治，控制

expunge [ɪkˋspʌndʒ] v.  除去；删去

Idiom

片语发音

spring from 出自,来自,由…引起   to come forth from someone or something; to jump from or out of someone or something

on its own  就其本身而言; 独立地

cast off  放开; 抛弃 to discard; reject

take over 接管, 继任  to assume control, management, or responsibility

do away with 废除, 停止 to make an end of; eliminate

fall victim to 成为…的牺牲品

Reading Questions

1.    Which of the following statements about Bauhaus is NOT true?

(A)  It had more than one director in its history.

(B)  Its students blended art and technology.

(C)  It offered special history classes.

(D)  It focused on architecture and furniture design.

2.    Which of the following best describes the main idea that was taught at Bauhaus?

(A)  Move forward.

(B)  Focus on the past.

(C)  Revere master designers.

(D)  Copy what had been done.

3.    What is true of the designs that came out of Bauhaus?

(A)  Some are still used to this day.

(B)  They have all been forgotten.

(C)  Few of them were practical.

(D)  All of them have become obsolete.

4.    What do we know about Mies van der Rohe from this article?

(A)  He allowed his students to pursue their own ideas.

(B)  He favored keeping the school’s workshop.

(C)  He had little interest in architecture.

(D)  He had a strong influence on the designs of his students.

Cantilever chair

Wassily chair

Bauhaus documentary (1)

Answer